II.1.9.1 Calculation of laminate loads and strains
We explain in this section how the laminate load response calculation can be accelerated. In particular,
when the calculation of laminate load response is done repititively with similar loading, the
benefit of simplifying the sequence of operations to estimate laminate loading becomes
obvious.
One explains the calculation of laminate in-plane and flexural load response
in section II.1.8.1. The sequence of operations results in the building of
matrix
that
depends on laminate definition and loading angle. For all the calculations done with a common
laminate and loading angle, the operations can be simplified as follows:
-
1.
- The matrix
is assembled.
-
2.
- The components of loading that are specified as in-plane strain, or curvature lead to the
imposition of constraints on matrix .
For example, if one imposes ,
it is sufficient to replace the elements of line
in matrix
by 0, except =1.
When all the constraints have been imposed, one obtains a new
matrix that we call .
-
3.
- Finally, this matrix is inversed, and on obtained the
matrix .
This
matrix is the same for all the loadings that we apply with on the same laminate, with the same loading
angle ,
and with the same constraints. When calculating load response, this matrix is used as follows:
-
1.
- For each laminate load, one assembles the 6 components vector
as explained in section II.1.8.1. The components usually correspond to shell forces or
moments, but the “constrained components” (components specified as strains or curvature)
are replaced by components of shell in-plane strains or curvatures.
-
2.
- Shell in-plane strains and curvatures in loading axes are obtained by calculating the following
matricial product:
|
-
3.
- Then, the shell strains and curvature components can be expressed in laminate axes by
performing the following matricial operation:
Finally, the last expression leads to the definition of a new
matrix
|
that allows to write
| (II.1.97) |
This matrix can be constructed once and for all for a given laminate, loading angle and loading
characteristics.
A similar approach can be used for the simplification of the laminate out-of-plane shear response
calculation:
-
1.
- The construction of a
matrix allows to write:
|
in which
corresponds to the out-of-plane shear loads (forces or strains).
-
2.
- Then
-
3.
- And this leads to the definition of a new
matrix that allows to write:
|
| (II.1.98) |
Finally, now that the laminate strains and curvatures have been estimated in laminate axes, the
corresponding laminate forces and moments are estimated as follows:
One can substitute (II.1.97) and (II.1.98) in expressions (99) and (100). This leads to the following
expressions:
From equations (II.1.97), (II.1.98), (101) and (102), one identifies four matrices and four vectors that
allow the calculation of laminate stress/strain state in laminate axes:
- The
matrix ,
- The
matrix ,
- The
matrix ,
- The
matrix ,
- The 6-components vector ,
- The 2-components vector ,
- The 10-components vector ,
- The 6-components vector .
The four matrices depend on laminate definition, angle
of the
loading wrt laminate axes, and on the set of components that are constrained to strain or curvature
values. The four vectors also depend on the values of the particular loading that is examined. This
means that the four matrices can be calculated once and for all the particular loadings.
On the other-hand the four vectors must be re-estimated for each element defining the
load.