When a material is used in the definition of a laminate, assumptions are done about the axes defined in the laminate. Axes 1 and 2 are parallel to the laminate plane and axis 3 is orthogonal to the laminate.
The classical laminate analysis is based on the assumption that the relation between stress and strain tensors is linear. Then, as these two tensors are symmetric, a matrix contains all the elastic coefficients defining the material:
(II.1.11) |
One shows that, because the peculiar choice of angular strain tensor components, the matrix containing the elastic coefficients is symmetric. Therefore, the matrix has only 21 independent coefficients. is the stiffness matrix of the material.
Equation (II.1.11) can be reversed as follows:
In expression (12), one added the thermo-elastic and moisture expansion terms in previous expression. They are characterized by CTE and CME tensors noted and respectively. Note that shear components of these two tensors are angular components. Practically, it does not matter much as most materials have zero shear components for CTE or CME tensors. is the compliance matrix of the material. Obviously . One often defines laminates with orthotropic materials:
(II.1.13) |
(II.1.14) |
(II.1.15) |
allow to eliminate the coefficients , and so that only the three Poisson coefficients , and have to be introduced when defining a material.
For an isotropic material, the definition of and either or is sufficient to characterize the material. Then one has:
, and satisfy the following relation:
Finally, one introduces shorter notations that allow to rewrite expressions (II.1.11) and (12) respectively as follows:
(II.1.17) |
One introduces also the “Mechanical Strain Tensor” estimated as follows:
(II.1.18) |
This new strain tensor differs from the one defined by (II.1.17) by the fact that no thermo-elastic or hygro-elastic contribution is taken into account to estimate its components. It is the strain that corresponds to the actual material stress, when no thermo-elastic or hygro-elastic expansion is considered. This “Mechanical Strain Tensor” is also sometimes called “Equivalent Strain Tensor”.